Glossary

Federalism

A doctrine that recognizes the existence and independent powers of the federal and state governments.

Federalism

A doctrine that recognizes the existence and independent powers of the federal and state governments.

Federalist

A member of one of the earliest American political parties who supported a strong central government.

Federalization

the process of bringing a law, program, or action under the control and authority of a federal government, often by increasing federal jurisdiction over matters previously handled by states.

Fifth Amendment

part of the Bill of Rights that addresses the rights of the accused, including the right to a trial by jury, protection against double jeopardy and self-incrimination, and the right to a fair trial.

First Amendment

states that “Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.”

Fourteenth Amendment

ratified in 1868, granted citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the United States—including formerly enslaved people—and guaranteed all persons “equal protection of the laws.”

Fourth Amendment

protects citizens from unreasonable search and seizure. The government may not conduct any searches without a warrant, and such warrants must be issued by a judge and based on probable cause.

Freedom of Contract

the freedom to enter into employment or conduct business without interference from the state or federal governments.

Freedom Rides

A direct action tactic where African-American activists would ride interstate buses into the segregated South, where the buses were legally segregated.